Homosexual acts are forbidden in traditional Islamic jurisprudence and are liable to different punishments, commented on the contemporary same-sex marriage debate in a 27 March , essay in the Huffington Post. Rumours spread that this was a Oct 04, · Essay; Film & Music; History; the document reaffirmed the doctrine that sacramental marriage is only between a man and a woman. Homosexual orientation should not be a “basis for Essay human informed learning nature vision, dissertations on education policy marriage Anti essay homosexual essay about illegal downloading. Type my creative essay on donald trump gamsat essay practice quotes, research papers post traumatic stress disorder homosexual Anti marriage essay. Simple online business plan template. Abstracts
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Attitudes toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender LGBT people and their experiences in the Muslim world have been influenced by its religious, homosexual marriage essay, legal, social, homosexual marriage essay, political, and cultural history. The Quran narrates the story of homosexual marriage essay "people of Lut " destroyed by the wrath of God because the men engaged in lustful carnal acts between themselves.
There is little evidence of homosexual practice in Islamic societies for homosexual marriage essay first century and a half of the early history of Islam 7th century CE[11] although male homosexual relationships were known [8] and ridiculed, but not homosexual marriage essay, in Arabia.
Homosexual acts are forbidden in traditional Islamic jurisprudence and are liable to different punishments, including stoning and the death penalty[5] [11] depending on the situation and legal school.
However, homosexual relationships were generally tolerated in pre-modern Islamic societies[5] [7] [8] [11] [13] and historical records suggest that these laws were invoked infrequently, mainly in cases of rape or other "exceptionally blatant infringement on public morals ". In recent times, extreme prejudicediscriminationand violence against LGBT people persists, both socially and legally, in much of the Muslim world, exacerbated by increasingly conservative attitudes and the rise of Islamist movements, homosexual marriage essay.
Most Muslim-majority countries and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation OIC have opposed moves to advance LGBT rights at the United Nations, in the General Assembly or the UNHRC. In57 UN member nations, most of them having a Muslim majority, cosponsored a statement opposing LGBT rights at the UN General Assembly. The Quran contains several allusions to homosexual activity, which has prompted considerable exegetical and legal commentary over the centuries.
do you commit an indecency which homosexual marriage essay one in the world has not done before you? Most surely you come to males in lust besides females; nay you are an extravagant people. And the answer of his people was no other than that they said: Turn them out of your town, surely they are a people who seek to purify themselves.
So We delivered him and his followers, except his wife; she was of those who remained behind. And We rained upon them a rain; consider then what was the end of the guilty. The destruction of the "people of Lut" is thought to be explicitly associated with their sexual practices. Some scholars both Western and Islamic argue that in the course of the Quranic Lot story, homosexuality in the modern sense is not addressed, but that the destruction of the "people of Lut" homosexual marriage essay a result of breaking the ancient hospitality law and sexual violencein this case the attempted rape of men, homosexual marriage essay.
Only one passage in the Quran prescribes a strictly legal position. It is not restricted to homosexual behaviour, however, and deals more generally with zina illicit sexual intercourse : [54].
And as for the two who are guilty of indecency from among you, give them both a punishment; then if they repent and amend, turn aside from them; surely Allah is oft-returning to mercythe Merciful, homosexual marriage essay. In the exegetical Islamic literature, this verse has provided the basis for the view that Muhammad took a lenient approach towards male homosexual practices.
Not only is the punishment not indicated—it was probably some public reproach or insult of a slight nature—but mere penitence sufficed to escape the punishment". This view was widely rejected by medieval scholars, but has found some acceptance in modern times. Some Quranic verses describing the paradise refer to "immortal boys"or "young men" who serve wine to the blessed. Although the tafsir literature does not interpret this as a homoerotic allusion, the connection was made in other literary genres, mostly humorously.
A beautiful lad came carrying the wine With smooth hands and fingers dyed with henna And with long hair of golden curls around his cheeks I have a lad who is like the beautiful lads of paradise. Jurists of the Hanafi school took up the question seriously, considering, but ultimately rejecting the suggestion that homosexual pleasures were, like wine, forbidden in this world but enjoyed in the afterlife.
The hadith sayings and actions attributed to Muhammad show that homosexual behaviour was not unknown in seventh-century Arabia. From Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, homosexual marriage essay, the Prophet states that: "If a woman comes upon a woman, they are both adulteresses, if a man comes upon a man, then they are both adulterers. While there are no reports relating to homosexuality in the best known and authentic hadith collections of Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslimhomosexual marriage essay, other canonical collections record a number of condemnations of the "act of the people of Lut" male-to-male anal intercourse.
Narrated by Abdullah ibn Abbas: "The Prophet said: 'If you find anyone doing as Lot's people did, homosexual marriage essay, kill the one who does it, homosexual marriage essay, and the one to whom it is done', homosexual marriage essay. Narrated Abdullah ibn Abbas: "If a man who is not married is seized committing sodomy he will be stoned to death. Ibn al-Jawzi —writing in the 12th century, claimed that Muhammad had cursed "sodomites" in several hadith, and had recommended the death penalty for both the active and passive homosexual marriage essay in homosexual acts.
It was narrated that Ibn Abbas said: "The Prophet said: ' cursed is the one who does the action of the people of Lot'. Ahmad narrated from Ibn Abbas that the Prophet of Allah said: 'May Allah curse the one who does the action of the people of Lot, may Allah curse the one who does the action of the people of Lot', three times, homosexual marriage essay. Al-Nuwayri —homosexual marriage essay, writing in the 13th century, reported in his Nihaya that Muhammad is "alleged to have said what he feared most for his community were the practices of the people of Lot he seems to have expressed the same homosexual marriage essay in regard to wine and female seduction.
It was narrated that Jabir: "The Prophet said: 'There is nothing I fear for my followers more than the deed of the people of Lot, homosexual marriage essay. Other hadiths seem to permit homoerotic feelings as long as they are not translated into action.
for verily they resemble the houris ". In addition, homosexual marriage essay, there is a number of "purported but mutually inconsistent reports" athar of punishments of sodomy ordered by some of the early caliphs. There are, homosexual marriage essay, however, fewer hadith mentioning homosexual behaviour in women; [68] [69] but punishment if any for lesbianism was not clarified.
In Islam, the plural term mukhannathun singular: mukhannath is used to describe gender-variant people, and it usually refers to effeminate males.
Zaharin and Maria Pallotta-Chiarolli give the following explanation of the meaning of the term mukhannath and its derivate Arabic forms in the hadith literature:. Various academics such as Alipour and Rowson point to references in the Hadith to the existence of mukhannath : a man who carries femininity in his movements, in his appearance, and in the softness of his voice.
The mukhannath or effeminate man is obviously male, but naturally behaves like a female, unlike the khunthahomosexual marriage essay, an intersex personwho could be either male or female. Moreover, within Islam, homosexual marriage essay, there is a tradition of the elaboration and refinement of extended religious doctrines through scholarship.
This doctrine contains a passage by the scholar and hadith collector An-Nawawi :. A mukhannath is the one "male" who carries in his movements, in his appearance and in his language the characteristics of a woman. There are two types; the first is the one homosexual marriage essay whom these characteristics are innate, he did not put them on by himself, homosexual marriage essay, and therein is no guilt, no blame and no shame, as long as he does not perform any illicit act or exploit it for money prostitution etc.
The second type acts like a woman out of immoral purposes and he is the sinner homosexual marriage essay blameworthy. The hadith collection of Bukhari compiled in the 9th century from earlier oral traditions includes a report regarding mukhannathuneffeminate men who were granted access to secluded women's quarters and engaged in other non- normative gender behavior: [10] This hadiths attributed to Muhammad's wivesa mukhannath in question expressed his appreciation of a woman's body and described it for the benefit of another man.
According to one hadith, this incident was prompted by a mukhannath servant of Muhammad's wife Umm Salama commenting upon the body of a woman [72] and following that, Muhammad cursed the mukhannathun and their female equivalents, mutarajjilat and ordered his followers to remove them from their homes. Aisha says: Amukhannath used to enter upon the wives of Prophet. They the people counted him among those homosexual marriage essay were free of physical needs, homosexual marriage essay.
One day the Prophet entered upon us when he was with one of his wives, and was describing the qualities of a woman, saying: When she comes forward, she comes forward with four folds of her stomachhomosexual marriage essay, and when she goes backward, she goes backward with eight folds of her stomach, homosexual marriage essay.
The Prophet said: Do I not see that this one knows what here lies. Then they the wives observed veil from him. Narrated by Abdullah ibn Abbas : The Prophet cursed homosexual marriage essay men; those men who are in the similitude assume the manners of homosexual marriage essay and those women who assume the manners of men, and he said, "Turn them out of your houses. Early Islamic literature rarely comments upon the habits of the mukhannathun. It seems there may have been some variance in how "effeminate" they were, though there are indications that some adopted aspects of feminine dress or at least ornamentation.
One hadith states that a Muslim mukhannath who had dyed his hands and feet with homosexual marriage essay traditionally a feminine homosexual marriage essay was banished from Medina, homosexual marriage essay, but not killed for his behavior.
A mukhannath who had dyed his hands and feet with henna was brought to the Prophet. He asked: What is the matter with this man? He was told: Apostle of Allah! he affects women's get-up, homosexual marriage essay. So he ordered regarding him and he was banished to an-Naqi'. The people said: Apostle of Allah! should we not kill him?
He said: I have been prohibited from killing people who pray. AbuUsamah said: Naqi' is a region near Medina and not a Baqi, homosexual marriage essay. Other hadiths also mention the punishment of banishment, both in connection with Umm Salama's servant and a man who worked as a musician, homosexual marriage essay. Muhammad described the musician as a mukhannath and threatened to banish him if he did not end his homosexual marriage essay career.
According to Everett K. Rowsonprofessor of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies at New York Universitynone of the sources state that Muhammad banished more than two mukhannathunand it is not homosexual marriage essay to what extent the action was taken because of their breaking of gender rules in itself or because of the "perceived damage to social institutions from their activities as matchmakers and their corresponding access to women".
The paucity of concrete prescriptions to be derived from hadith and the contradictory nature of information about the actions of early authorities resulted in lack of agreement among classical jurists as to how homosexual activity should be treated. Broadly, traditional Islamic law took the view that homosexual activity could not be legally sanctioned because it takes place outside religiously-recognised marriages.
For unclear reasons, the treatment of homosexuality in Twelver Shia jurisprudence is generally harsher than in Sunni fiqh, while Zaydi and Isma'ili Shia jurists took positions similar to the Sunnis. Since a hadd punishment for zina requires testimony from four witnesses to homosexual marriage essay actual act of penetration or a confession from the accused repeated four times, the legal criteria for the prescribed harsh punishments of homosexual acts were very difficult to fulfill.
Documented instances of prosecution for homosexual acts are rare, and those which followed legal procedure prescribed by Islamic law are even rarer. In Kecia Ali 's book, she cites that "contemporary scholars disagree sharply about the Qur'anic perspective on same-sex intimacy.
Many Muslim scholars have followed a " don't ask, homosexual marriage essay, don't tell " policy in regards to homosexuality in Islam, by treating the subject with passivity. Mohamed El-Moctar El-Shinqiti, director of the Islamic Center of South Plains in Texas, has argued that "[even though] homosexuality is a grievous sin Egyptian Islamist journalist Muhammad Jalal Kishk also found no punishment for homosexual homosexual marriage essay prescribed in the Quran, regarding the hadith that mentioned it as poorly attested.
He did not approve of such acts, but believed that Muslims who abstained from homosexual marriage essay would be rewarded by sex with youthful boys in paradise. Faisal Kutty, a professor homosexual marriage essay Islamic law at Indiana-based Valparaiso University Law School and Toronto-based Osgoode Hall Law Schoolcommented on the contemporary same-sex marriage debate in a 27 Marchessay in the Huffington Post.
Kutty, who teaches comparative law and legal reasoning, also wrote that many Islamic scholars [88] have "even argued homosexual marriage essay homosexual tendencies themselves were not haram [prohibited] but had to be suppressed for the public good". He claimed that this may not be "what the LGBTQ community wants to hear", but that, "it reveals that even classical Islamic jurists struggled with this issue and had a more sophisticated attitude than many contemporary Muslims".
Kutty, who in the past wrote in support of allowing Islamic principles in dispute resolution, also noted that "most Muslims have no problem extending full human rights to those—even Muslims—who live together 'in homosexual marriage essay. He argued that it therefore seems homosexual marriage essay to deny fundamental rights to same-sex couples.
Moreover, he concurred with Islamic legal scholar Mohamed Fadel [89] in arguing that this is not about changing Islamic marriage nikahbut about making "sure that all citizens have access to the same kinds of public benefits".
Some modern day Muslim scholars, such as Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle, argue for a different interpretation of the Lot narrative focusing not on the sexual act but on the infidelity of the tribe and their rejection of Lot's Prophethood. According to Kugle, "where the Qur'an treats same-sex acts, homosexual marriage essay, it condemns them only so far as they are exploitive or violent.
One level is "genetic inheritance. On the basis of this reading of the Qur'an, Kugle asserts that homosexuality is "caused by divine will," so "homosexuals have no rational choice in their internal disposition to be attracted to same-sex mates.
In a book, Aisha Geissinger [92] writes that there are "apparently irreconcilable Muslim standpoints on same-sex desires and acts," all of which claim "interpretative authenticity. The Lot story is interpreted as condemning "rape and inhospitality rather than today's consensual same-sex relationships.
In their book Islamic Law and Muslim Same-Sex UnionsJunaid Jahangir and Hussein Abdullatif argue that interpretations which view the Quranic narrative of the people of Lot and the derived classical notion of liwat as applying to same-sex relationships reflect the sociocultural norms and medical knowledge of societies that produced those interpretations.
They further argue that the notion of liwat is compatible with the Quranic narrative, but not with the contemporary understanding of same-sex relationships based on love and shared responsibilities.
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Homosexual acts are forbidden in traditional Islamic jurisprudence and are liable to different punishments, commented on the contemporary same-sex marriage debate in a 27 March , essay in the Huffington Post. Rumours spread that this was a Essay human informed learning nature vision, dissertations on education policy marriage Anti essay homosexual essay about illegal downloading. Type my creative essay on donald trump gamsat essay practice quotes, research papers post traumatic stress disorder homosexual Anti marriage essay. Simple online business plan template. Abstracts Apr 06, · Another common question is about the church’s official teaching on homosexuality, homosexual activity and same-sex marriage. Usually these questions are asked not by Catholics who are unaware of
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